RESUMEN Antecedentes: El cáncer de mama es la segunda causa de muerte de mujeres en países desarrollados y no desarrollados, incluido Colombia. La mayoría de estos tumores son dependientes de estrógeno por esa razón, la terapia más utilizada es la hormonal. Actualmente, el tratamiento de primera línea en mujeres posmenopáusicas es el letrozol, inhibidor de la enzima aromatasa, que evita la conversión de andrógenos en estrógenos. El letrozol causa efectos adversos en las pacientes, lo cual motiva la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas que disminuyan estos efectos. Los ácidos grasos omega, esenciales en la dieta regular o suplementaria, han mostrado su potencial nutracéutico ambivalente, como antiinflamatorios o proinflamatorios, por lo cual, son considerados inductores de carcinogénesis. Debido a esto, existe controversia en distintos reportes a nivel in vitro, in vivo y epidemiológicos sobre la actividad preventiva o quimioterapéutica de los AGOs. Objetivos: El aporte de este artículo, es mostrar las principales evidencias in vitro, in vivo y epidemiológicas del potencial quimioterapéutico de los AGOs en tratamientos individuales y combinados con antineoplásicos, en distintos tipos de cánceres, particularmente en el cáncer de mama. Métodos: Se revisaron las bases de datos PubMed y Science Direct y se seleccionaron los estudios más representativos de las dos últimas décadas sobre AGOs y las principales estrategias usadas en el cáncer de mama. Los hallazgos se presentan en temas separados, primero una visión general de los AGOs y luego su potencial bioactivo en tratamientos contra el cáncer de mama. Resultados: La mayoría de los estudios en pacientes con cáncer de mama, tratadas con estrógenos y derivados de progesterona, han mostrado predisposición a desarrollar cáncer de mama después de dos años de terapia continua. De otro lado, los AGOs han demostrado su potencial como adyuvantes en el tratamiento en diferentes cánceres como el de colon y hepático. Conclusiones: Las terapias actuales para el cáncer de mama y su baja eficacia a largo plazo exigen explorar nuevas alternativas de terapias, que incluyen los AGOs podrían potenciar fármacos, no obstante, es necesario tener en cuenta, el metabolismo de los AGOs, para uso.

ABSTRACT Background: Breast cancer is the second cause of death in women in developed and undeveloped countries, including Colombia. A high percentage of these tumors is estrogen dependent, for which the hormonal treatment is the most used therapy in breast cancer. Currently, the first line treatment for breast tumor in postmenopausal women is the letrozole, an aromatase enzyme inhibitor that avoids the transformation of androgens to estrogens. Since letrozole produced adverse effects on patients, there is a requirement for new alternative treatments. Furthermore, omega fatty acids (ω-FA), essential as they are obtained from the normal diet or from dietary supplements, have demonstrated nutraceutical potential because of their anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory activity. Nonetheless, there is controversy in in vitro, in vivo and epidemiologic reports regarding their preventive or inducing activities of carcinogenesis in animals and humans, depending on the structure of the ω-FA. Objectives: This review aims to show the main in vitro, in vivo and epidemiologic evidences of the chemotherapeutic potential of ω-3 and ω-6 FA in different types of neoplasm, particularly in breast cancer, in individual or combined treatments with diverse antineoplastics. Methods: PubMed and Science Direct databases revealed the most representative studies, published during the last two decades, about ω-3 and ω-6 FA, breast cancer and the principal therapeutic strategies for this neoplasm. Findings were presented in separated topics to provide an overview of omega FA and their potential in treatments for breast cancer. Results: Patients treated with estrogens and progesterone derivate have shown predisposition to develop breast cancer after two years of continued therapy. Furthermore, omega FA with known nutraceutical potential have demonstrated their potential as adjuvants in the treatment against different neoplasms, like hepatic and colon cancer. Conclusions: Current therapies for breast cancer and their low efficacy in the long term led to explore new alternative treatments with ω-FA. These essential fatty acids in daily consumption could enhance the antineoplastic agent effect. Nevertheless, metabolism of the omega FA must be considered for this use.

This study subjected two scales used to determine food security in national nutritional status surveys in Colombia (ENSIN) to the Rasch model to assess their performance on the contradictory evidence of its usefulness. In practical terms, the EPSA measures food insecurity based on a single item, p1, which due to its low difficulty (8.46 logits, standard deviation of1.83) is inappropriate to measure the surveyed households. Based on statistical calculation five of the twelve items presented overfitting and three of the twelve (including the first) presented measurement degradation. Like the EPSA, p1 defines the result to a large extent showing that the test is inadequate for the surveyed households. Based on statistics at leastfour of the fifteen items showed over-adjustment andfour of the fifteen, including the first, showed measurement degradation. Measurements using tools that are not appropriate, but attractive, can be a new and serious problem that adds to other conditions associated with household food insecurity.

Este estudio sometió dos escalas utilizadas para determinar la seguridad alimentaria en las encuestas nacionales de situación nutricional de Colombia (ENSIN) al modelo Rasch para conocer su desempeno ante la evidencia contradictoria de su utilidad. En la práctica la EPSA mide la inseguridad alimentaria con base en un solo ítem, el p1, el cual por su baja dificultad -8,46 logits, desviación estándar (DS) de 1,83-, resulta inapropiado para medir los hogares estudiados. Con base en los estadísticos calculados cinco de los doce ítems presentan sobreajuste y tres de los doce incluido el primero, degradación de la medición. Al igual que con la EPSA p1 define el resultado en muy buena medida y la prueba resulta inapropiada para los hogares estudiados. Con base en los estadísticos calculados al menos cuatro de los quince ítems presentan sobreajuste y cuatro de los quince incluido el primero degradación de la medición. La medición utilizando herramientas que no son adecuadas pero si atractivas, puede ser un nuevo y mayúsculo problema que se sume a otras condiciones asociadas a la inseguridad alimentaria de los hogares.

Diversos trabalhos têm registrado o número de espécies de mamíferos nos diferentes hábitats naturais do Pantanal, com base nos registros do conhecimento corrente, com a riqueza de espécies variando de 89 a 152 ocorrências anotadas. Nossa lista atual soma 174 espécies. Contudo pelo menos três fatores devem ser enfatizados quando se lida com os números encontrados: 1) o limite exato do ecótono entre a bacia de inundação (que é o Pantanal) e os domínios vizinhos, como o Cerrado, apesar da existência de mapas recentes; 2) a falta de levantamentos intensivos, particularmente sobre pequenos mamíferos, roedores e marsupiais; e 3) a revisão taxonômica constante de morcegos, roedores e marsupiais. Algumas espécies são abundantes, como a capivara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, e o lobinho Cerdocyon thous, outras são raras e outras ainda são intrinsecamente raras, como o cachorro-vinagre Speothos venaticus. Assume-se que a abundância de espécies reflete os recursos ecológicos contidos nos hábitats. A diversidade local e o número de indivíduos de roedores silvestres e marsupiais também dependem da oferta ecológica de recursos e da especialização de comportamento para explorar componentes de micro-hábitats. Grande número de espécies interage com os tipos de vegetação do hábitat, por meio de seleção de hábitat com padrões ativos de comportamento ecológico, que resultam na dependência dos mamíferos de hábitats arbóreos e florestados do Pantanal. Além disso, os mamíferos respondem ao encolhimento e expansão dos hábitats devido à inundação sazonal do Pantanal, com abundância de espécies mais altas na estação seca, quando há considerável expansão de hábitats terrestres, principalmente campos inundáveis. As ameaças mais importantes para os mamíferos são a perda e alteração de hábitats devido à intervenção humana, particularmente o desmatamento, práticas de agricultura e pecuária insustentáveis, com conversão da vegetação natural em pastos. O Pantanal ainda abriga cerca de uma dúzia de espécies oficialmente ameaçadas de extinção.

Different works have registered the number of mammal species within the natural habitats of the Pantanal based on currently known records, with species richness ranging from 89 to 152 of annotated occurrences. Our present list sums 174 species. However, at least three factors have to be emphasised to deal with recorded numbers: 1) to establish the ecotone limit between the floodplain (which is the Pantanal) and its neighbouring domain like the Cerrado, besides the existence of maps recently produced; 2) the lack of intensive surveys, especially on small mammals, rodents and marsupials; and 3) the constant taxonomic revision on bats, rodents and marsupials. Some species are very abundant - for example the capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris and the crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, and some are rare, and others are still intrinsically rare - for example, the bush dog Speothos venaticus. Abundance of species is assumed to reflect ecological resources of the habitat. Local diversity and number of individuals of wild rodents and marsupials also rely on the offering of ecological resources and behavioural specialisation to microhabitat components. A large number of species interact with the type of the vegetation of the habitat, by means of habitat selection through active patterns of ecological behaviour, resulting on dependency on arboreal and forested habitats of the Pantanal. In addition, mammals respond to seasonal shrinking-and-expansion of habitats due to flooding regime of the Pantanal. The highest number of species is observed during the dry season, when there is a considerable expansion of terrestrial habitats, mainly seasonally flooded grassland. Major threats to mammal species are the loss and alteration of habitats due to human intervention, mainly deforestation, unsustainable agricultural and cattle-ranching practices, which convert the natural vegetation into pastures. The Pantanal still harbours about a dozen of species officially listened as in danger.

Zorflex® activated carbon fibers (ACF), reference FM100 198B, are used before and after an oxidizing procedure with H3PO4 to study the adsorption of Pb2+. The point of zero charge was determined for the modified and unmodified fiber giving values of 2.3 and 4.3, respectively. After oxidizing the ACF, the fiber showed to have a greater Pb2+ adsorption capacity in comparison with the unmodified fiber, which is related with the acid sites increase, where lead was mainly adsorbed. Determination of the BET area was carried out by nitrogen physisorption at 77K. ACFs presented superficial areas between 1000 and 1500 m²/g showing mostly, a microporous structure. The preliminary design of an adsorbent using the modified fiber is presented where the fiber superior physicochemical properties over the unmodified one are observed.